Supply chain footprint — snapshot year 2025
| Element | Share % | Quantity | Global rank | Confidence | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pd palladium |
39.5% | 75,000 kg per year | 1st | high | Russia 2024e: 75,000 kg Pd; down from 87,000 kg in 2023 (−14% YoY). Nornickel (Norilsk Nickel) in the Norilsk-Talnakh di… byproduct of Cu, Ni |
| K potassium |
18.8% | 9.0 million tonnes per year | 2nd | high | Russia — USGS 2024 estimate: 9,000 thousand metric tons K2O equivalent. Second-largest producer; Verkhnekamsk Potash Bas… |
| C carbon |
15.3% | 629,900 million m3 per year | 4th | high | |
| Sb antimony |
13.0% | 13,000 tonnes per year | 3rd | high | Russia 2024 mine production: 13,000 metric tons. |
| Ru ruthenium |
12.0% | — | 2nd | medium | Russia (Norilsk Nickel Talnakh/Norilsk complex). RU Pd 2024e: 75,000 kg (39% of world Pd), Pt 2024e: 18,000 kg (11% of w… byproduct of Ni, Pt |
| C carbon |
11.6% | 526 million tonnes per year | 6th | high | |
| Os osmium |
10.6% | 11.0 kg per year | 3rd | high | Proxy derived from Russia's 2024 platinum share in the USGS PGM table (18,000 kg Pt out of 170,000 kg world Pt). RSC ide… byproduct of Ni, Pt |
| Pt platinum |
10.6% | 18,000 kg per year | 3rd | high | Russia 2024e: 18,000 kg Pt, down from 21,000 kg in 2023 (~14% decline). Russian PGM production is dominated by Nornickel… |
| Au gold |
9.4% | 310 tonnes per year | 2nd | high | Russia 2024e: 310 metric tons. Reserves revised 2024. |
| Si silicon |
9.2% | 470,000 tonnes per year | 3rd | high | USGS 2024e: 470 kt. Leading US import source (37% of FeSi imports, 2020–23 avg). |
| He helium |
9.0% | 17.0 million m3 per year | 3rd | low | USGS 2024 estimate. EU adopted sanctions June 25, 2024, effective September 26, 2024, imposing an import ban on helium f… |
| S sulfur |
8.8% | 7.5 million tonnes per year | 3rd | high | USGS MCS 2025 table: Russia 2024e = 7,500 thousand metric tons. |
| Rh rhodium |
8.4% | 1,900 kg per year | 2nd | medium | Implats reports 60 koz of 2024 rhodium supply as Russian sales, equivalent to about 1.9 tonnes. Russian rhodium is co-pr… byproduct of Ni, Pt |
| Ni nickel |
6.0% | 210,000 tonnes per year | 3rd | high | Russia — USGS 2024 estimate. Unchanged from 2023. Norilsk Nickel is the primary producer. |
| P phosphorus |
5.8% | 14.0 million tonnes per year | 4th | high | Russia 2024 estimate: 14,000 kt (up from 13,000 kt in 2023). Capacity expansions ongoing. |
| Sc scandium |
5.6% | 1.0 tonnes per year | 3rd | high | Russia has historically produced Sc₂O₃ via byproduct recovery from uranium and titanium ore processing, including at the… byproduct of Ni, Ti |
| Pb lead |
5.1% | 220,000 tonnes per year | 5th | high | USGS MCS 2025: Russia 220 kt lead content 2024e (estimated; up slightly from 218 kt in 2023). Russian lead reserves revi… |
| Ag silver |
4.8% | 1,200 tonnes per year | 6th | high | byproduct of Au, Cu, Pb, Zn |
| U uranium |
4.8% | 2,600 tonnes per year | 6th | high | Russia 2023: 2,600 tU (NEA/IAEA secretariat estimate). ARMZ Uranium Holding (Rosatom subsidiary) operates mines primaril… |
| C carbon |
4.6% | 427 million tonnes per year | 18th | high | |
| Cu copper |
4.0% | 0.9 million tonnes per year | 7th | high | Russia 2024e. |
| Fe iron |
3.6% | 91.0 million tonnes per year | 5th | high | USGS MCS 2025 table: Russia 2024e = 91,000 thousand metric tons. |
| Ir iridium |
3.1% | — | 4th | high | DOE Table A2 iridium mine-production share, 2020. Russian output is tied to Norilsk-type nickel-copper-PGM sulfide minin… byproduct of Cu, Ni, Pt |
| Ba barium |
3.0% | 250,000 tonnes per year | 8th | high | Russia 2024e: 250,000 tonnes (unchanged from 2023). Reserves: 12,000 thousand metric tons. |
| Co cobalt |
3.0% | 8,700 tonnes per year | 3rd | high | byproduct of Cu, Ni |
| Na sodium |
2.9% | 8.0 million tonnes per year | 10th | high | USGS MCS 2025 table: Russia 2024e = 8,000 thousand metric tons. |
| Ca calcium |
2.6% | 11.0 million tonnes per year | 4th | high | USGS MCS 2025 table: Russia (industrial and construction) 2024e = 11,000 thousand metric tons. |
| Zn zinc |
2.6% | 310,000 tonnes per year | 9th | high | Russia 2024e: 310,000 tonnes (estimated). Up from 300,000 in 2023. Reserves revised 2024. |
| W tungsten |
2.5% | 2,000 tonnes per year | 3rd | high | USGS 2024e mine production table: Russia 2,000 t W content. |
| B boron |
1.8% | 80,000 tonnes per year | 7th | high | Russia 2024e: 80 thousand metric tons datolite ore (80,000 tonnes), unchanged from 2023. Datolite (CaBSiO₄OH) is a calci… |
| Al aluminum |
1.4% | 6.3 million tonnes per year | 7th | high | |
| Ta tantalum |
1.4% | 29.0 tonnes per year | 9th | high | USGS MCS 2025 table: Russia mine production estimated at 29 t Ta in 2024e. |
| Si silicon |
1.1% | 50,000 tonnes per year | 15th | high | USGS 2024e: 50 kt. |
| Sn tin |
1.0% | 3,000 tonnes per year | 12th | high | USGS MCS 2025 table: Russia 3,000 metric tons (estimated) 2024e, up from 2,700 in 2023. |
| Ga gallium |
1.0% | 6.0 tonnes per year | 2nd | high | byproduct of Al, Zn |
| Mo molybdenum |
0.7% | 1,700 tonnes per year | 10th | high | USGS MCS 2025 table: Russia 1,700 metric tons 2024e (estimated), unchanged from 2023e. Reserves = 1,100 kt — notably hig… |
| Ce cerium |
0.6% | 2,500 tonnes per year | 8th | high | USGS MCS 2025: Russia 2,500 t REO (2024e), unchanged from 2023. |
| Nb niobium |
0.3% | 350 tonnes per year | 4th | high | Russia 2024e mine production: 350 metric tons Nb content. |
| I iodine |
0.0% | 3.0 tonnes per year | 7th | high | Russia 2024e: 3 metric tons (estimated), unchanged from 2023. Reserves: 120,000 metric tons. |
| Element | Share % | Quantity | Global rank | Confidence | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pd palladium |
40.0% | — | 1st | low | Russia refines its own production through Nornickel's Krastsvetmet refinery (Krasnoyarsk) and Norilsk Nickel's integrate… byproduct of Cu, Ni |
| Rh rhodium |
10.0% | — | 2nd | low | Estimated Russian refining share associated with the country's nickel-copper-PGM output. Implats reports this material a… byproduct of Ni, Pt |
| Se selenium |
9.0% | 340 tonnes per year | 3rd | high | USGS MCS 2025 p.159: "Russia … 340" metric tons 2024e, down from 350 in 2023. Russia has copper refining capacity at Nor… byproduct of Cu, Pb, Zn |
| Te tellurium |
7.1% | 70.0 tonnes per year | 2nd | high | USGS MCS 2025 table: Russia 2024 estimated refinery production 70 metric tons. byproduct of Cu |
| Ti titanium |
6.2% | 20,000 tonnes per year | 5th | high | USGS 2024e: 20,000 t. Russia capacity 46,500 t/yr. VSMPO-AVISMA is the dominant Russian producer. |
| Al aluminum |
5.3% | 3.8 million tonnes per year | 7th | high | Russia. USGS 2024e: 3,800 kt. |
| O oxygen |
5.0% | 5.3 million tonnes per year | 4th | low | Route-weighted estimate from worldsteel crude-steel production. |
| Fe iron |
3.8% | 72.0 million tonnes per year | 5th | high | |
| Cu copper |
3.6% | 1.0 million tonnes per year | 5th | high | |
| Cd cadmium |
3.3% | 800 tonnes per year | 8th | high | Russia 2024e: 800 metric tons. byproduct of Zn |
| Ge germanium |
2.9% | 6.0 tonnes per year | 3rd | high | Share derived from USGS OFR 2024-1057 table 1.14 by dividing the country estimate (6 t) by the reported 210 t world tota… byproduct of Zn |
| Al aluminum |
2.0% | 2.9 million tonnes per year | 12th | high | Russia. USGS 2024e: 2,900 kt. Note: a 1.7 Mt/yr alumina refinery in Ukraine has remained closed since 2022 due to the Ru… |
| In indium |
1.0% | 10.0 tonnes per year | 6th | medium | Russia. 10 t from USGS MCS 2025 World Refinery Production table, 2024 estimated column (2023 figure was 5 t). Share deri… byproduct of Zn |
| Ti titanium |
0.6% | 55,000 tonnes per year | 17th | high |
| Element | Share % | Quantity | Global rank | Confidence | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Se selenium |
28.0% | 26,000 tonnes | 1st | high | USGS MCS 2025 p.159: 'Russia … 26,000' metric tons. Share = 26000/92000 = 28.3%. byproduct of Cu, Pb, Zn |
| Pd palladium |
19.8% | 16,000,000 kg | 2nd | high | Russia: >16,000,000 kg combined PGM reserves (floor value; USGS footnote 10: based on Russian Classification system A+B+… byproduct of Cu, Ni |
| Ir iridium |
19.8% | — | 2nd | high | Share of total reported PGM reserves from USGS MCS 2025. Russian reserve figures are reported under the Russian A+B+C1+C… byproduct of Cu, Ni, Pt |
| Pt platinum |
19.8% | 16,000,000 kg | 2nd | high | Russia PGM reserves: 16,000,000 kg per Russian Classification A+B+C1+C2 (where C2 includes deposits being developed or p… |
| Ru ruthenium |
19.7% | — | 2nd | high | Russia PGM reserves: 16,000,000 kg = 16,000 t (19.7%). Based on Russian Classification system A+B+C1+C2 (deposits in dev… byproduct of Ni, Pt |
| Rh rhodium |
19.7% | — | 2nd | high | Russia holds 16,000 tonnes of reported PGM reserves using the Russian classification system cited by USGS. Rhodium is pr… byproduct of Ni, Pt |
| Os osmium |
19.7% | — | 2nd | high | Proxy from USGS combined PGM reserve geography: Russia reports 16,000,000 kg PGM reserves under the Russian A+B+C1+C2 cl… byproduct of Ni, Pt |
| K potassium |
19.1% | 920,000,000 tonnes | 3rd | high | Russia — USGS: 920,000 thousand metric tons K2O equivalent (revised). Verkhnekamsk Potash Basin. |
| Au gold |
18.8% | 12,000 tonnes | 1st | high | Russia: 12,000 t. Revised 2024. |
| Fe iron |
17.5% | 35,000,000,000,000 tonnes | 2nd | high | USGS MCS 2025: Russia 35,000 million metric tons crude ore. |
| Te tellurium |
16.5% | 5,800 tonnes | 1st | high | USGS MCS 2025 table: Russia reserves 5,800 metric tons. byproduct of Cu |
| Sb antimony |
15.5% | 350,000 tonnes | 2nd | high | Russia reserves: 350,000 metric tons. |
| Ag silver |
14.4% | 92,000 tonnes | 3rd | high | byproduct of Au, Cu, Pb, Zn |
| He helium |
14.0% | 1,700 million m3 | 3rd | high | |
| Re rhenium |
13.4% | 310,000 kg | 3rd | high | USGS MCS 2025 table: Russia reserves 310,000 kilograms. byproduct of Cu, Mo |
| Zn zinc |
12.6% | 29,000,000 tonnes | 3rd | high | Russia: 29,000,000 tonnes. Revised 2024. |
| Sn tin |
11.0% | 460,000 tonnes | 4th | high | USGS MCS 2025 table: Russia 460,000 metric tons. |
| Pb lead |
9.3% | 8,900,000 tonnes | 3rd | high | USGS MCS 2025: Russia 8,900 kt lead content. Revised in 2025 based on a Government report. Russia holds the third-larges… |
| W tungsten |
8.7% | 400,000 tonnes | 3rd | high | USGS reserve table: Russia 400,000 t W content. |
| Cu copper |
8.2% | 80,000,000 tonnes | 4th | high | |
| U uranium |
8.0% | 476,600 tonnes | 5th | high | Russia 476,600 tU at <USD 130/kgU; 652,500 tU at <USD 260/kgU. Resource base concentrated in Transbaikalia and Siberia; … |
| Mo molybdenum |
7.3% | 1,100,000 tonnes | 5th | high | USGS MCS 2025 table: Russia 1,100 thousand metric tons. Significantly underproduced relative to reserve size. |
| Ni nickel |
6.0% | 8,300,000 tonnes | 4th | high | |
| Er erbium |
4.2% | 19,000 tonnes | 5th | high | Russia REO reserves: 3,800,000 t (revised per company and government reports). Estimated Er₂O₃: ~19,000 t. Kola Peninsul… |
| Sm samarium |
4.2% | 106,400 tonnes | 5th | high | Russia REO reserves: 3,800,000 t (revised per company and government reports). Estimated Sm reserves: ~106,400 t. Kola P… |
| Dy dysprosium |
4.2% | 76,000 tonnes | 5th | high | Russia REO reserves: 3,800,000 t (revised per company and government reports). Estimated Dy₂O₃: ~76,000 t. Kola Peninsul… |
| Pr praseodymium |
4.2% | 171,000 tonnes | 5th | high | Russia REO reserves: 3,800,000 t (revised per company and government reports). Estimated Pr reserves: ~171,000 t. |
| La lanthanum |
4.2% | — | 5th | high | Russia: 3,800,000 t REO per USGS MCS 2025 (revised), 4.2% of floor. Derived La2O3: ~1,102,000 t. Kola Peninsula apatite-… |
| Gd gadolinium |
4.2% | — | 5th | high | Russia REO reserves: 3,800,000 t (revised per company and government reports in MCS 2025 edition). Derived Gd2O3: ~38,00… |
| Ho holmium |
4.2% | 5,700 tonnes | 5th | high | Russia REO reserves: 3,800,000 t (revised per company and government reports in USGS MCS 2025). Estimated Ho₂O₃: ~5,700 … |
| Y yttrium |
4.2% | 171,000 tonnes | 5th | high | Russia REO reserves: 3,800,000 t (revised). Derived Y₂O₃ floor: ~171,000 t. Kola Peninsula apatite-nepheline deposits ar… |
| Yb ytterbium |
4.2% | 19,000 tonnes | 5th | high | Russia REO reserves: 3,800,000 t (revised per company and government reports). Estimated Yb₂O₃: ~19,000 t. Kola Peninsul… |
| Eu europium |
4.2% | 3,800 tonnes | 5th | high | Russia REO reserves: 3,800,000 t (revised per company and government reports). Estimated Eu₂O₃: ~3,800 t. |
| Lu lutetium |
4.2% | 1,900 tonnes | 5th | high | Russia REO reserves: 3,800,000 t (revised per company and government reports). Estimated Lu₂O₃: ~1,900 t. Kola Peninsula… |
| Tb terbium |
4.2% | 3,800 tonnes | 5th | high | Russia REO reserves: 3,800,000 t (revised per company and government reports). Estimated Tb₄O₇: ~3,800 t. Kola Peninsula… |
| Tm thulium |
4.2% | 2,660 tonnes | 5th | high | Russia REO reserves: 3,800,000 t (revised per company and government reports in MCS 2025 edition). Derived Tm2O3: ~2,660… |
| Ce cerium |
4.2% | 3,800,000 tonnes | 5th | high | |
| B boron |
3.7% | 40,000,000 tonnes | 3rd | high | Russia reserves: 40,000 thousand metric tons B₂O₃ (USGS MCS 2025). Primarily datolite ore deposits. |
| P phosphorus |
3.2% | 2,400,000,000 tonnes | 5th | high | Russia: 2,400,000 thousand metric tons = 2.4 billion metric tons. |
| Ba barium |
3.1% | 12,000,000 tonnes | 6th | high | Russia reserves: 12,000 thousand metric tons. |
| Co cobalt |
2.0% | 250,000 tonnes | 5th | high | byproduct of Cu, Ni |
| I iodine |
1.9% | 120,000 tonnes | 5th | high | Russia reserves: 120,000 metric tons. |
| Al aluminum |
1.7% | 480,000,000 tonnes | 9th | high |