Supply chain footprint — snapshot year 2025
| Element | Share % | Quantity | Global rank | Confidence | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Be beryllium |
50.0% | 180 tonnes per year | 1st | high | United States 2024e mine production: 180 metric tons of contained beryllium from bertrandite mined in Utah. |
| He helium |
45.0% | 81.0 million m3 per year | 1st | low | USGS MCS 2025 p.89: "United States (extracted from natural gas) 2024: 68" + "United States (from the Cliffside Field) 20… |
| C carbon |
25.0% | 1,033,000 million m3 per year | 2nd | high | US alone accounted for one-quarter of world output. |
| C carbon |
18.9% | 858 million tonnes per year | 3rd | high | World's largest oil producer in 2024. |
| Re rhenium |
15.3% | 9,500 kg per year | 2nd | high | USGS MCS 2025 table: United States 9,500 kilograms in 2024. Domestic output came from byproduct recovery during roasting… byproduct of Cu, Mo |
| Na sodium |
14.3% | 40.0 million tonnes per year | 2nd | high | USGS MCS 2025 table: United States 2024e = 40,000 thousand metric tons. 26 companies, 64 plants, 16 States. Top States: … |
| Mo molybdenum |
12.7% | 33,000 tonnes per year | 4th | high | USGS MCS 2025 table: United States 33,000 metric tons 2024e, down from 34,000 in 2023. Primary production at two Colorad… |
| Nd neodymium |
12.0% | — | 2nd | high | MP Materials Mountain Pass |
| Ho holmium |
11.5% | 67.0 tonnes per year | 2nd | high | US 2024e REE total: 45,000 t REO from bastnaesite concentrates at Mountain Pass, CA (MP Materials), valued at ~$260 mill… |
| Lu lutetium |
11.5% | 22.0 tonnes per year | 2nd | high | US 2024e REE total: 45,000 t REO from bastnaesite concentrates at Mountain Pass, CA (MP Materials), valued at ~$260 mill… |
| Tm thulium |
11.5% | — | 2nd | high | US 2024e REE total: 45,000 t REO from bastnaesite concentrates at Mountain Pass, CA (MP Materials), valued at ~$260 mill… |
| Ce cerium |
11.5% | 45,000 tonnes per year | 2nd | high | USGS MCS 2025: US 45,000 t REO in mineral concentrates (2024e), 11.5% of world total, valued at ~$260 million. Primary s… |
| Tb terbium |
11.5% | 45.0 tonnes per year | 2nd | high | US 2024e REE total: 45,000 t REO from bastnaesite concentrates at Mountain Pass, CA (MP Materials), valued at ~$260 mill… |
| Sm samarium |
11.5% | 1,256 tonnes per year | 2nd | high | US 2024e REE total: 45,000 t REO from mineral concentrates at Mountain Pass, CA (MP Materials bastnaesite mine), valued … |
| Eu europium |
11.5% | — | 2nd | high | US 2024e REE total: 45,000 t REO from bastnaesite concentrates at Mountain Pass, CA (MP Materials), valued at ~$260 mill… |
| Yb ytterbium |
11.5% | 225 tonnes per year | 2nd | high | US 2024e REE total: 45,000 t REO from bastnaesite concentrates at Mountain Pass, CA (MP Materials), valued at ~$260 mill… |
| Dy dysprosium |
11.5% | 897 tonnes per year | 2nd | high | US 2024e REE total: 45,000 t REO from bastnaesite concentrates at Mountain Pass, CA (MP Materials), valued at ~$260 mill… |
| Er erbium |
11.5% | 225 tonnes per year | 2nd | high | US 2024e REE total: 45,000 t REO from bastnaesite concentrates at Mountain Pass, CA (MP Materials), valued at ~$260 mill… |
| Gd gadolinium |
11.5% | — | 2nd | high | United States 2024e: 45,000 t REO, 11.5% of world total. Derived Gd2O3 share ~450 t at 1.0% basket average; actual US Gd… |
| Pr praseodymium |
11.5% | 2,025 tonnes per year | 2nd | high | US 2024e REE total: 45,000 t REO from mineral concentrates at Mountain Pass, CA (MP Materials bastnaesite mine), valued … |
| La lanthanum |
11.5% | — | 2nd | high | United States 2024e: 45,000 t REO, 11.5% of world total. Derived La2O3 share ~13,050 t. Bastnaesite mined at Mountain Pa… |
| S sulfur |
9.6% | 8.2 million tonnes per year | 2nd | high | USGS MCS 2025 table: US 2024e = 8,200 thousand metric tons (5% less than 2023). Louisiana and Texas account for ~52% of … |
| P phosphorus |
8.3% | 20.0 million tonnes per year | 3rd | high | United States 2024 estimate: 20,000 kt. Five companies at 10 mines in Florida, Idaho, North Carolina, and Utah. Up sligh… |
| Pb lead |
7.0% | 300,000 tonnes per year | 3rd | high | USGS MCS 2025: United States 300 kt lead content 2024e (mine, lead in concentrates = 300 kt; recoverable lead = 290 kt).… |
| Zr zirconium |
6.7% | 100,000 tonnes per year | 4th | high | US 2024e: <100,000 tonnes ZrO2 content, published as 100 kt (rounded to nearest 100,000 t to avoid disclosing company pr… |
| Hf hafnium |
6.7% | 962 tonnes per year | 4th | low | Derived from the USGS-disclosed US zircon mine row of 100,000 t, which USGS notes is a rounded confidentiality value for… byproduct of Zr |
| Zn zinc |
6.2% | 750,000 tonnes per year | 5th | high | US 2024e: 750,000 tonnes. Mined in five states at six operations by five companies. Slight decrease from 767,000 tonnes … |
| C carbon |
5.0% | 465 million tonnes per year | 13th | high | US output fell to its lowest level in more than four decades. |
| Au gold |
4.8% | 160 tonnes per year | 5th | high | US 2024e: 160 metric tons. Nevada ~70%, Alaska ~16%. Reserves: 3,000 t. |
| Cu copper |
4.8% | 1.1 million tonnes per year | 5th | high | US 2024e: 1,100 thousand metric tons, down ~3% from 2023. Arizona accounted for approximately 70% of domestic output; al… |
| Ag silver |
4.4% | 1,100 tonnes per year | 8th | high | US 2024e: 1,100 metric tons (estimated value ~$960 million). Silver mined at 4 dedicated silver mines and as byproduct/c… byproduct of Au, Cu, Pb, Zn |
| Pd palladium |
4.2% | 8,000 kg per year | 5th | high | United States 2024e: 8,000 kg Pd; down from 10,300 kg in 2023 (−22% YoY). One company (Sibanye-Stillwater) mined and pro… byproduct of Cu, Ni |
| Ca calcium |
3.8% | 16.0 million tonnes per year | 3rd | high | USGS MCS 2025 table: United States 2024e = 16,000 thousand metric tons (unchanged from 2023). Produced by 26 companies a… |
| Fe iron |
1.9% | 48.0 million tonnes per year | 9th | high | USGS MCS 2025: US 2024e = 48,000 thousand metric tons (7% increase from 44,700 in 2023). Eight open-pit mines in Michiga… |
| Li lithium |
1.5% | 3,500 tonnes per year | 8th | medium | United States 2024e: ~3,500 t contained Li (range 1,000–4,500 t). Primarily Albemarle's Silver Peak brine (Clayton Valle… |
| Os osmium |
1.2% | 1.0 kg per year | 5th | high | Proxy derived from the United States' 2024 platinum share in the USGS PGM table (2,000 kg Pt out of 170,000 kg world Pt)… byproduct of Ni, Pt |
| Pt platinum |
1.2% | 2,000 kg per year | 5th | high | United States 2024e: 2,000 kg Pt, down from 3,040 kg in 2023 (~34% decline). Virtually all US platinum mine production c… |
| Ti titanium |
1.1% | 100,000 tonnes per year | 18th | high | USGS 2024e: 100 kt (rounded to nearest 100,000 t to avoid disclosing proprietary data). One company mines near Nahunta, … |
| K potassium |
0.9% | 0.4 million tonnes per year | 10th | high | United States — USGS 2024 estimate: 420 thousand metric tons K2O equivalent (rounded to two significant digits per USGS … |
| U uranium |
0.0% | 19.0 tonnes per year | 12th | high | USA 2023: ~19 tU (NEA/IAEA secretariat estimate; EIA: 50,000 lb U₃O₈ = ~19 tU). US domestic ISR producers operated at ne… |
| Co cobalt |
0.0% | 300 tonnes per year | 12th | high | Eagle Mine (Michigan) — nickel-copper mine producing cobalt-bearing nickel concentrate exported for processing. Idaho op… byproduct of Cu, Ni |
| Ni nickel |
0.0% | 8,000 tonnes per year | 9th | high | Eagle Mine (underground), Michigan — USGS 2024 estimate. Down from 16,400 in 2023. Nickel in concentrate exported to sme… |
| Element | Share % | Quantity | Global rank | Confidence | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ga gallium |
20.0% | — | 1st | low | One facility in New York per USGS: 'One company in New York recovered and refined high-purity gallium from imported prim… byproduct of Al, Zn |
| Cl chlorine |
14.7% | 11.0 million tonnes per year | 2nd | high | US figure is from Chlorine Institute Pamphlet 10 (2019 edition) as cited by US EPA Chlorine Supply Chain Profile (Decemb… |
| Ti titanium |
13.9% | 850,000 tonnes per year | 4th | high | |
| Ar argon |
7.9% | 396 million m3 per year | 3rd | low | U.S. argon production is described as closely balanced with domestic consumption and structurally linked to ASUs serving… |
| Hf hafnium |
5.0% | — | 5th | low | USGS MCS 2025 states hafnium metal is produced from zirconium chemical intermediates by producers in Oregon and Utah; th… byproduct of Zr |
| Fe iron |
4.3% | 81.0 million tonnes per year | 4th | high | USGS MCS 2025 Events section: US pig iron production and raw steel production estimated at 22 Mt and 81 Mt respectively … |
| Cu copper |
3.3% | 0.9 million tonnes per year | 6th | high | US 2024e: primary (from ore) 850 + secondary (from scrap) 40 thousand metric tons. Kennecott smelter and electrolytic re… |
| Cd cadmium |
1.2% | 300 tonnes per year | 12th | high | United States 2024e: 300 metric tons (reported, byproduct of zinc refining in Tennessee). byproduct of Zn |
| Al aluminum |
0.9% | 0.7 million tonnes per year | 24th | high | US primary. USGS 2024e: 670 kt, down 11% from 2023 (750 kt). Two of four operating smelters ran at full capacity; one (N… |
| Al aluminum |
0.5% | 0.7 million tonnes per year | 29th | high | US. USGS 2024e: 720 kt, 5% less than 2023. One active refinery (Gramercy, LA, 1.2 Mt/yr capacity); Burnside, LA (500 kt/… |
| Element | Share % | Quantity | Global rank | Confidence | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Br bromine |
95.7% | 11,000,000 tonnes | 1st | high | U.S. reserves: 11,000,000 metric tons bromine content. Reflects the extensive underground brine deposits of the Smackove… |
| He helium |
71.0% | 8,550 million m3 | 1st | high | USGS 2024 reserves 8,500 (natural gas) + 50 (Cliffside Field). |
| Mo molybdenum |
23.3% | 3,500,000 tonnes | 2nd | high | USGS MCS 2025 table: United States 3,500 thousand metric tons. Second-largest reserve globally. |
| Re rhenium |
17.3% | 400,000 kg | 2nd | high | USGS MCS 2025 table: United States reserves 400,000 kilograms. byproduct of Cu, Mo |
| Se selenium |
11.0% | 10,000 tonnes | 3rd | high | USGS MCS 2025 p.159: 'United States … 10,000' metric tons. Revised this edition. Share = 10000/92000 = 10.9%. byproduct of Cu, Pb, Zn |
| Te tellurium |
10.8% | 3,800 tonnes | 2nd | high | USGS MCS 2025 table: United States reserves 3,800 metric tons tellurium content. The chapter states this is based on ide… byproduct of Cu |
| Cu copper |
4.8% | 47,000,000 tonnes | 7th | high | US reserves revised 2024. |
| Pb lead |
4.8% | 4,600,000 tonnes | 6th | high | USGS MCS 2025: United States 4,600 kt lead content reserves. Principal resources in the Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) de… |
| Au gold |
4.7% | 3,000 tonnes | 7th | high | United States: 3,000 t. |
| K potassium |
4.6% | 220,000,000 tonnes | 5th | high | United States — USGS: 220,000 thousand metric tons K2O equivalent. Recoverable ore: 970,000 thousand metric tons. Primar… |
| B boron |
4.4% | 48,000,000 tonnes | 2nd | high | US reserves: 48,000 thousand metric tons B₂O₃ (USGS MCS 2025). Deposits primarily in the Mojave Desert (California): tin… |
| I iodine |
4.0% | 250,000 tonnes | 3rd | high | U.S. reserves: 250,000 metric tons. Iodine-rich brine deposits in northwestern Oklahoma (Anadarko Basin). |
| Zn zinc |
4.0% | 9,200,000 tonnes | 7th | high | US: 9,200,000 tonnes. Revised 2024. |
| Ag silver |
3.6% | 23,000 tonnes | 8th | high | byproduct of Au, Cu, Pb, Zn |
| Sb antimony |
2.7% | 60,000 tonnes | 9th | high | United States reserves: 60,000 metric tons. USGS footnote 8 attributes this to company-reported probable reserves for th… |
| Er erbium |
2.1% | 9,500 tonnes | 7th | high | US REO reserves: 1,900,000 t (revised). Mountain Pass, CA is the primary US reserve base; Mountain Pass bastnaesite is h… |
| Sm samarium |
2.1% | 53,200 tonnes | 6th | high | United States REO reserves: 1,900,000 t (revised per company and government reports). Mountain Pass, CA is the primary U… |
| Dy dysprosium |
2.1% | 38,000 tonnes | 6th | high | US REO reserves: 1,900,000 t (revised per company and government reports). Mountain Pass, CA is the primary US reserve b… |
| Pr praseodymium |
2.1% | 85,500 tonnes | 6th | high | United States REO reserves: 1,900,000 t (revised per company and government reports). Mountain Pass, CA is the primary U… |
| Ho holmium |
2.1% | 2,850 tonnes | 6th | high | United States REO reserves: 1,900,000 t (revised per company and government reports in USGS MCS 2025). Mountain Pass, CA… |
| Yb ytterbium |
2.1% | 9,500 tonnes | 7th | high | US REO reserves: 1,900,000 t (revised). Mountain Pass, CA is the primary US reserve base; Mountain Pass bastnaesite is h… |
| Lu lutetium |
2.1% | 950 tonnes | 6th | high | US REO reserves: 1,900,000 t (revised). Mountain Pass, CA is the primary US reserve base; Mountain Pass bastnaesite is h… |
| Tb terbium |
2.1% | 1,900 tonnes | 7th | high | US REO reserves: 1,900,000 t (revised). Mountain Pass, CA is the primary US reserve base; Mountain Pass bastnaesite is h… |
| Eu europium |
2.1% | 1,900 tonnes | 7th | high | US REO reserves: 1,900,000 t (revised). Mountain Pass, CA is the primary US reserve base. Estimated Eu₂O₃: ~1,900 t. |
| Ce cerium |
2.1% | 1,900,000 tonnes | 7th | high | |
| Fe iron |
1.8% | 3,600,000,000,000 tonnes | 9th | high | USGS MCS 2025: United States 3,600 million metric tons (revised). |
| P phosphorus |
1.4% | 1,000,000,000 tonnes | 10th | high | United States: 1,000,000 thousand metric tons = 1 billion metric tons. |
| Nb niobium |
1.2% | 210,000 tonnes | 3rd | high | United States reserves: 210,000 metric tons Nb content. USGS notes the prospective Nebraska project would be the only ni… |
| U uranium |
1.1% | 67,800 tonnes | 12th | high | USA 67,800 tU at <USD 130/kgU (NEA/IAEA secretariat estimate; full cost-category breakdown withheld for company confiden… |
| Ru ruthenium |
1.0% | — | 4th | high | US PGM reserves: 820,000 kg = 820 t (1.0%). Stillwater Complex, Montana. byproduct of Ni, Pt |
| Co cobalt |
1.0% | 70,000 tonnes | 8th | high | byproduct of Cu, Ni |
| Rh rhodium |
1.0% | — | 4th | high | The United States reported 820 tonnes of combined PGM reserves in the Stillwater Complex. byproduct of Ni, Pt |
| Pd palladium |
1.0% | 820,000 kg | 4th | high | United States: 820,000 kg combined PGM reserves in the Stillwater Complex, Montana. byproduct of Cu, Ni |
| Pt platinum |
1.0% | 820,000 kg | 4th | high | US PGM reserves: 820,000 kg. Concentrated in the Stillwater Complex, Montana. Total PGM content; platinum-specific share… |
| Os osmium |
1.0% | — | 4th | high | Proxy from USGS combined PGM reserve geography: the United States reports 820,000 kg combined PGM reserves, principally … byproduct of Ni, Pt |
| Ir iridium |
1.0% | — | 4th | high | Share of total reported PGM reserves from USGS MCS 2025. byproduct of Cu, Ni, Pt |
| Zr zirconium |
0.7% | 500,000 tonnes | 6th | high | United States: 500,000 tonnes ZrO2 content. |
| Ti titanium |
0.3% | 2,000,000 tonnes | 10th | high | US ilmenite reserves: 2,000 kt TiO2 content. US rutile reserves included with ilmenite. |
| Al aluminum |
0.1% | 20,000,000 tonnes | 13th | high | US bauxite reserves are primarily for nonmetallurgical use. |
| Cr chromium |
0.1% | 630,000 tonnes | 8th | high | USGS MCS 2025 table: US reserves = 630 thousand metric tons gross weight. Normalized to 7% Cr₂O₃ (not the standard 45%) … |
| Ni nickel |
0.0% | 310,000 tonnes | 9th | high | USGS footnote: includes reserve data for three projects; an additional three domestic projects have defined resources bu… |